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I. Technical characteristics and product classification

Samarium-cobalt permanent magnets are high-performance rare earth permanent magnets made of samarium and cobalt as the main components, together with other elements such as copper, iron, zirconium, etc. These materials have three outstanding characteristics: excellent high temperature stability, excellent magnetic properties and good corrosion resistance. These materials have three outstanding features: excellent high temperature stability, excellent magnetic properties and good corrosion resistance. The upper working temperature can reach 500 degree Celsius, which is significantly higher than that of NdFeB permanent magnets (usually below 220 degree Celsius); in terms of magnetic performance index, the remanent magnetization is not less than 1.05 Tesla, the coercive force is more than 676 kA/m, and the range of magnetic energy product is between 20-35 MGaust. In addition, Samarium Cobalt permanent magnets are stable in humid and acidic environments without complex surface treatment.

According to the difference of crystal structure, samarium cobalt permanent magnets are mainly divided into two main types:

• SmCo5 type: Simple hexagonal structure, with a magnetic energy product of 16-25 MgO, working temperature up to 250 degree Celsius, good ductility, suitable for manufacturing precision sensors, microwave isolators, and other components that require complex shapes.
• Sm2Co17 type: with rhombic structure, magnetic energy product of 20-35 MgOst, working temperature up to 500 degree Celsius, the magnetic properties are more excellent, mainly used in high temperature motors, aerospace components and other fields, but the material is more brittle, processing difficulty is relatively high.

II. Main application scenarios

Samarium cobalt permanent magnets are mainly used in fields with strict requirements for high temperature environment, harsh working conditions and high reliability, covering the following six key application directions:

Aerospace and defense industry: 35% of the total application market, capable of meeting the high-precision operational needs of equipment in extreme environments.

High-end industrial motors: Widely used in submerged oil motors, servo motors, magnetic pumps and other equipment. The market share of relevant domestic enterprises in this field has increased from 15% to 30%.

Electronic information and communications equipment: Provides stable magnetic field support for microwave isolators, circulators, and all types of precision electronic components to ensure reliable operation in high-frequency environments.

Medical Device Field: Suitable for magnetic resonance imaging equipment, pacemakers, high temperature sterilization equipment, etc. It can meet the special requirements of biocompatibility and sterilization resistance.

High-end automobile manufacturingApplications include hybrid vehicle auxiliary motors, hydrogen circulating pump motors and specialty vehicle drive systems, in line with the trend toward 800-volt high-voltage platforms.

Special Application AreasThese include special equipment such as logging instruments for oil exploration with drilling, high-end audio speakers, and magnetic levitation bearings.

III. State of industrial development

From the perspective of global market, it is expected that samarium cobalt permanent magnet market will grow at a CAGR of 3.4% during 2024-2030. At present, VAC of Germany, Shin-Etsu of Japan and Arnold Magnetic of USA dominate the high-end market and hold the core technology of Sm2Co17 type products.

China's market position in this field is increasingly prominent, and the market size is expected to reach 5.58 billion yuan by 2030. Domestic enterprises such as Hangzhou Permanent Magnet Group and Galaxy Magnet have formed stable production capacity and are gradually realizing import substitution in the field of industrial equipment.

IV. Future directions and problems faced

The direction of development::

1. High-performance: The goal is to achieve a magnetic energy product of not less than 35 megagaoosts and an operating temperature of not less than 600 degrees Celsius, which will require breakthroughs in nanocrystalline composite structures and grain boundary engineering techniques.
2. Green Manufacturing: Promote low energy consumption sintering furnace and waterless cooling crushing process to reduce energy consumption and environmental pollution in the production process.
3. Intelligent development: develop self-diagnostic magnet products with integrated sensors to provide smarter solutions for new energy vehicles and other fields.

Challenges faced::

1. In terms of raw material supply, the annual fluctuation of cobalt price can reach 60%, and the main supply is concentrated in DRC, there is a significant supply chain risk.
2. In terms of market competition, NdFeB magnets have improved temperature resistance through heavy rare earth doping technology, creating substitution pressure in application scenarios below 200 degrees Celsius.
3. In terms of international trade, the EU RoHS 3.0 directive restricts the use of cobalt, raising the threshold of access to the international market.